Science, Mathematics, Computer Science

The max-cut problem is an NP-hard combinatorial optimization problem defined on undirected weighted graphs. It consists in finding a subset of the graph's nodes such that the aggregate weight of the edges between the subset and its complement is maximized. This book deals with a new separation approach to be used within a branch-and-cut algorithm for solving max-cut problems to optimality. The method is based on graph contraction and allows the fast separation of so-called odd-cycle inequalities. In addition, we...

The outstanding importance of phosphorus (P) in all living cells makes it an essential nutrient. Its pivotal use as a fertilizer and the finiteness as a natural resource lead to a new episode of historic importance: A possible upcoming phosphate crisis. In this book an overview of the role of phosphorus as a nutrient and as a fertilizer as well as the underlying soil dynamics is given. The flows of phosphorus in Austria are shown by using the method of...

Since the beginning of space travel, an enormous amount of man-made garbage has accumulated in space, so-called space debris. This scrap poses an ever-increasing threat to satellites and spacecraft. Even centimeter-sized particles can develop destructive force in a collision with a satellite. The space-based detection of space debris was defined as the secondary objective of DLR's astronomical mission AsteroidFinder, the primary objective of which is to detect near-Earth asteroids. The space-based observation has the advantage that no atmosphere can interfere...

The current work investigates two fundamental problems of small molecule organic solar cells (OSC): transparent top contacts and alternative donor materials. Transparent top contacts are a prerequisite for inverted, i.e. top-illuminated OSC on opaque substrates. This work documents that transparent, ultra-thin metal films are a possible solution to this challenge. It is shown that silver or gold layers with thicknesses Three diindenoperylene derivatives are introduced as green donor materials. Although these experiments are still at a very early stage, OSC...

The book begins with an introduction to the methodological and conceptual foundations of organic computing that is understandable for readers of all disciplines. The interdisciplinary research initiative refers to the biological paradigm of self-organized information processing in organic systems. Even the simplest biological organisms show specific phenomenal characteristics, such as goal orientation and adaptability, the scientific explanation of which within the theory of dynamic systems should enable the development of organically structured information technology. However, there is an explanatory gap...

History has witnessed forests shaping human civilization from the ancient times to the industrial ages and after. In recent years, the world's forests have staged more prominent roles in our society. That the year 2011 has been declared as the International Year of Forests by the United Nations reveals a bold statement on such importance. The forests of Indonesia are in particular; stakes placed upon are diverse and often conflicting, not only from local or national levels but also from...

The dissertation will address the concept of a proto-universe that combines a steady state model of universe creation with multiple nucleogenesis events. Based on observable data of many large scale structures found in the universe that are older than the 13.7 billion years given for the big bang model of the birth of the universe. Details Title: An Architecture for an Ur-Universe Subtitle: Sequential Universal Events Author: Dr. Bradley S.Tice Edition: 1st edition University: Northwestern International University Published: 1st edition...

On the order of a few nanometers, silicon shows new properties. What is special about nanocrystalline silicon is the occurrence of quantum effects. In this diploma thesis it was examined whether certain nanostructures, such as a superlattice with silicon nanocrystals, are suitable for photovoltaics or whether quantum effects could be used for energy conversion. For this purpose, nine different solar cells with quartz glass (as a non-photoactive substrate) were produced in order to make the photovoltaic effect of nanostructures accessible...

Three local carrot cultivars from Myanmar and two hybrid cultivars from Germany were investigated for their yield and nutritional quality supplied by mineral or organic fertilizers. Root yield and nutritional qualities were affected by cultivar difference and fertilizer types. Details Title: Agronomic characteristics and nutritional quality of carrot (Daucus carota L.) cultivars from Myanmar and Germany as affected by mineral and organic fertilizers Author: Dr. Le Le Win Edition: 1st edition University: Georg-August University of Göttingen Published: 1st edition 09/20/2010...

The present dissertation is focused on the phylogenetic, biochemical, structural and physiological analysis of the hydratases from Streptococcus pyogenes M49 and Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM. These hydratases belong to myosin cross-reactive antigen (MCRA) protein family for which knowledge on the biochemical and physiological function is scarce. This study provides the first line of evidence on biological significance of this protein family as ubiquitous bacterial enzymes which metabolize highly toxic unsaturated fatty acids to their less toxic and more soluble hydroxy derivatives....

Twenty eight genotypes of tomato were organically cultivated in two locations (Schönhagen and Ellingerode, Germany) in different two years. Plant infection by Phytophthora infestans was evaluated as well as the fruit nutritional and quality parameters (content of lycopene, phenolic compounds, ascorbic acid antioxidant capacity, mineral nutrients and organic compounds). It was also of interest to find a connection between infection and fruit quality. Details Title: Organically-grown tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) Subtitle: Plant infection by Phytophthora infestans and fruit quality Author:...

Ackee is an underutilized species native to West Africa important for the livelihoods of rural population and candidate species for domestication. However, because the species was neglected for so long, key knowledge essential to elaborate a clear domestication strategy is very sketchy in the region. This book provide data from Benin on farmer's indigenous knowledge and perception of variation taking into account the difference among ethnic groups and gender, the morphological variability in tree and fruit traits in relation to...